Variables and Scope

Variable Scope

Scope is a characteristic of a variable that defines from which functions that variable may be accessed. There are two primary scopes in C:

• Local Variables can only be accessed within the functions in which they are created.
• Global Variables can be accessed by any funtion in the program. These are declared outside of all functions.

So far in the CS50 course, we have almost always been working with local variables.

    int main(void)
    {
        int result = triple(5);
    }

    int triple(int x)
    {
        return x * 3;
    }

Here, x is local to the function triple(). No other function can refer to that variable, not even main(). result is local to main().

Global variables exist too. If a variable is declared outside of all functions, any function may refer to it.

    #include <stdio.h>

    float global = 0.5050;  // variable is named global for ease of explanation

    int main(void)
    {
        triple();
        printf("%f\n", global); // global is referred to here inside a function
    }

    void triple(void)
    {
        global *= 3;
    }

Why do local and global distinctions matter?

For the most part, local variables in C are passed by value in function calls.

When a variable is passed by value, the callee (the function receiving the variable) receives a copy of the passed variable, not the variable itself.

That means that the variable in the caller (the function making the function call) is unchanged unless overwritten.

For example, the following has no effect on foo:

    int main(void)
    {
        int foo = 4;
        triple(foo);
    }

    int triple(int x)
    {
        return x *= 3;
    }

The following code does effect foo by overwritting it:

        int main(void)
    {
        int foo = 4;
        foo = triple(foo); // the call for triple here overwrites foo after the function call
    }

    int triple(int x)
    {
        return x *= 3;
    }

Things can get particularly insidious if the same variable name appears in multiple functions, which is perfectly ok as long as the variables exist in different scopes. For example:

    int increment(int x);

    int main(void)
    {
        int x = 1; // x(m) - m is local to main
        int y;
        y = increment(x); // x(m)
        printf("x is %i, y is %i\n", x, y); // x(m)
    }

    int increment(int x) // x(i) - i is local to increment
    {
        x++; // x(i)
        return x; // x(i)
    }

The above has the variable x stored locally in both int main(void) and int increment(int x).

The output of the program above would be "x is 1, y is 2".