Variables and Simple Data Types

Variables

Variables are a JavaScript developer's bread and butter. They make it really easy to write complex programs with lots and lots of instructions, and keep everything organized and straight. Often times when you're writing a program in JavaScript, there will be several pieces of data that you need to keep track of. Think for example of Facebook. Facebook keeps track of tons of information and displays it on their websites and apps. Things like names, birthdays, status', etc. In order for us to write more complex programs like these, that do more than print text out onto the screen, we'll need to learn how to manage all of the information in our programs and use variables.

Variables are essentially containers which allow a program to store different pieces of information inside of them. Once the information is stored inside the variable, that information can then be accessed throughout the program simply by referring to the variable's name. Using variables is a great way to keep track of and organize your data. When creating variables, make sure to use descriptive names! For example, if we were creating a variable to hold someones age, using var age is much better than var a. This can save time trying to figure out what each variable is defining!

Let's make some variables in JS:

var phrase = "To be or not to be";

document.write(phrase);

var is a special word in JS, which tells JS that a variable is being created. Now we can call the variable within the document.write(); command instead of having to type out the string. This can be very powerful and save programmers a ton of time! We can also change the variable after defining it originally:

var phrase = "To be or not to be";

document.write(phrase);
phrase = "Apple";
document.write(phrase);

Now it should print out To be or not to be and apple.

We are not limited to only storing strings of text within a variable. We can also store numbers (whole numbers or decimals), boolean variables, undefined, and Null:

var name = "Nick";
var age = 25;
var gpa = 3.8;
var isMale = true;
var flaws = null;
var description = undefined;

document.write(`${name} is ${age} years old.`);
if ((isMale = true)) {
    document.write(`He has a ${gpa} GPA.`);
} else {
    document.write(`She has a ${gpa} GPA.`);
}

The above code should have the following output:

Nick is 25 years old.He has a 3.8 GPA.

null and undefined are different because when you use null, you are saying that there is no value, but undefined says that there is no value yet. You will probably not use null or undefined much as a developer, but they are still good to know/understand.

The $ used above is called interpolation. This allows us to insert, or interpolate, variables into strings using template literals.

Notice that:

A template literal is wrapped by backticks ``` (this key is usually located on the top of your keyboard, left of the 1 key).
Inside the template literal, you’ll see a placeholder, ${myPet}. The value of myPet is inserted into the template literal.
When we interpolate I own a pet ${myPet}., the output we print is the string: 'I own a pet armadillo.'

One of the biggest benefits to using template literals is the readability of the code. Using template literals, you can more easily tell what the new string will be. You also don't have to worry about escaping double quotes or single quotes.

Remember to use descriptive variable names! Think of a variable as a moving box. When you fill up the box it is common to write on the outside of the box what it contains. Use similar logic when it comes to naming variables.

Create a Variable: `let`

The let keyword signlas that the variable can be reassigned a different value. Take a look at the example:

let meal = "Enchiladas";
console.log(meal); // prints Enchiladas
meal = "Burrito";
console.log(meal); // prints Burrito

Another concept that we should be aware of when using let (and even var) is that we can declare a variable without assigning the vairable a value. In such a case, the variable will be automatically initialized with a value of undefined:

let price;
console.log(price); // prints undefined
price = 350;
console.log(price); // prints 350

Create a Variable: `const`

The const keyword is short for the word constant, which means that it cannot be reassigned. Just like var and let, you can store any value in a const variable (it also follows the same structure!). Take a look at the following example:

const myName = "Nick";
console.log(myName); // prints Nick

As you can see, we created a const variable named myName, which should never have to change. If you try to reassign a const variable, you'll get a TypeError.

Constant variables must be assigned a value when declared. If you try to declare a const variable without a value, you'll get a TypeError.

If you're trying to decide between which keyword to use, let or const, think about whether you'll need to reassign the variable later on.

`typeof` Operator

While writing code, it can be useful to keep track of the data types of the variables in your program. If you need to check the data type of a variable's value, you can use the typeof operator.

The typeof operator checks the value to its right and returns, or passes back, a string of the data type.

const unknown1 = "foo";
console.log(typeof unknown1); // prints string

const unknown2 = 10;
console.log(typeof unknown2); // prints number

const unknown3 = true;
console.log(typeof unknown3); // prints boolean

Strings

<<<<<<< HEAD Strings are any grouping of characters on your keyboard (letters, numbers, space, symbolsm etc.) surrounded by single quotes ' ... ' or double quotes " ... ". Though we prefer single quotes. Some people like to think of string as a fancy word for text.

"This is Nick's Docs!";
"Single quotes work too!";
"JS is fun!";

Strings cannot be divided, multiplied, or subtracted, but the + operator can be used on them. It does not add, but it concatenates - it glues two strings together.

The following line will produced the string "concatenate":

"con" + "cat" + "e" + "nate";

We cab also concatenate variables with additional strings:

let myName = "Nick";
console.log("Hello, my name is " + myName + "!");
// prints Hello, my name is Nick!

Booleans

Booleans have only two possible values - either true or false. It is helpful to think of booleans as on and off switches or as the answers to a "yes" or "no" question.

Here is one way to produce Boolean values:

console.log(3 > 2);
// true
console.log(3 < 2);
// false

Strings can be compared in the same way:

console.log("Aardvark" < "Zoroaster");
// true

The way strings are ordered is roughly alphabetic but not really what you'd expect to see in a dictionary: uppercase letters are always "less" than lowercase ones, so "Z" < "a", and nonalphabetic characters (!, -, and so on) are also include in the ordering. When comparing strings, JavaScript goves over the characters from left to right, comparing the Unicode codes one by one.

Other similar operators are >= (greater than or equal to), <= (less than or equal to), == (equal to), and != (not equal to).

console.log("Itchy" != "Scratchy");
// true
console.log("Apple" == "Orange");
// false

Numbers

Values of the number type are, unsurprisingly, numeric values. In a JavaScript program, they are written as follow:

44;
12.34;

JavaScript uses a fixed number of bits, 64 of them, to store a single number value. There are only so many patterns you can make with 64 bits, which means that the number of different numbers that can be represented is limited. With N decimal digits, you can represent 10^N numbers. Similarly, given 64 binary digits, you can represent 2⁶⁴ number, which is about 18 quintillion. That's a lot.

Fractional numbers are simply written by using a dot (12.34). For very big or very small numbers, you may also use scientific notation by adding an e (for exponent), followed by the exponent of the number:

2.998e8; // this is 2.998 x 10^8 = 299,800,000

Arithmetic Operators

Basic arithmetic operators often come in handy when programming.

An operator is a character that performs a task in our code. JavaScript has several built-in arithmetic operators, that allow us to perform mathematical calculations on numbers. These include the following operators and their corresponding symbols:

Add: +
Subtract: -
Multiply: *
Divide: /
Remainder: %

The first four might work how you guess:

console.log(3 + 4); // prints 7
console.log(5 - 1); // prints 4
console.log(4 * 2); // prints 8
console.log(9 / 3); // prints 3

Note that when we console.log() the computer will evaluate the expression inside the parentheses and print that result to the console. If we wanted to print the characters 3+4, we would wrap them in quotes and print them as a string.

The remainder operator, sometimes known as modulo, returns the number that remains after the right-hand number divides into the left-hand number as many times as it can.

console.log(11 % 3); // prints 2
console.log(12 % 3); // prints 0

11 % 3 equals 2 because 3 fits into 11 three times, leaving two as the remainder.

The Increment and Decrement Operator

Other mathematical assignment operators include the increment operator (++) and decrement operator (--).

The increment operator will increase the value of the variable by 1. The decrement operator will decrease the value of the variable by 1. For example:

let a = 10;
a++;
console.log(a); // prints 11

let b = 20;
b--;
console.log(b); // prints 19

Just like the other simple operators (+=, -=, *=, /=), the variable's value is updated and assigned as the new value of that variable.

Properties

When you introduce a new piece of data into a JavaScript program, the browser saves it as an instance of the data type. Every string instance has a property called length that stores the number of characters in that string. You can retrieve property information by appending the string with a period and the property name:

console.log("Hello".length); // prints 5

The . is another operator! We call it the dot operator.

In the example above, the value saved to the length property is retrieved from the instance of the string, "Hello". The program prints 5 to the console, because Hello has five characters in it.

Methods

Remember that methods are actions we can perfrom. JavaScript provides a number of string methods. We call, or use, these methods by appending an instance with:

a period . (the dot operator)
the name of the method
opening and closing parentheses

E.g. 'example string'.methodName();.

Does that syntax look a little familiar? When we use console.log(); we're calling the .log() method on the console object. Let's see console.log() and some real string methods in action!

console.log("hello".toUpperCase()); // prints HELLO
console.log("Hey".startsWith("H")); // prints true